tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16126627015477357922024-03-04T21:18:08.389-08:00Petro PediaLisa Swanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09651073921375556604noreply@blogger.comBlogger168125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-68183150085898391462015-01-17T07:40:00.002-08:002015-01-17T07:40:54.360-08:00Aramco CEO Assures Employees of Company’s Strength<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>Saudi Aramco is well prepared to face the steep drop in oil prices in the short and medium term, and it has made some adjustments in light of the price fall, according to CEO Khalid A. Al-Falih.</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">Al-Falih said in a memo published in the company’s internal Arabic weekly magazineQafilah that he understands that the current market situation has created ambiguity among company employees and their families about the company's ability to cope with sharply lower oil prices. “That’s why I am here confirming to you that we have strengthened our position when oil prices were high, as we expected this scenario to happen,” Al-Falih said in the memo. “We are able to maintain our long-term commitments, and we will continue our work with high flexibility, efficiency, and wisdom.”</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;">Despite the recent drop in oil prices, Saudi Aramco CEO Khalid A. Al-Falih said the company will "maintain [its] long-term commitments."</span></div>
</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The current situation offers an opportunity for Saudi Aramco, he said. “For example, amid these circumstances, we will be able to execute our projects at lower prices because others will be obliged to postpone their projects. This will lead service providers to slash their prices in order to get work,” he said.<br />Al-Falih said he expects many oil and gas companies will lay off employees, which may offer an opportunity for Saudi Aramco. “We will be able to hire talented people and experts we need to keep our investments going on,” he said.<br />Meanwhile, Al-Falih said that his company made eight discoveries in 2014, which will help boost the company’s overall reserves. “In addition, our gas production capacity has hit historic levels at 8 billion cubic feet per day,” he said.</span><br />By: <b>Abdelghani</b> <b>Henni</b> is the Middle East Editor for the Journal of Petroleum Technology<br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>SEE MORE BELOW</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-44500743606079944052015-01-16T06:12:00.002-08:002015-01-16T06:12:30.371-08:00Schlumberger to cut 9,000 employees, including in Houston<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>HOUSTON – Oil field giant Schlumberger said Thursday it will cut approximately 9,000 employees – around 7.5 percent of its workforce around the globe – as both petroleum prices and oil-company spending nosedive.</b></span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Schlumberger’s profits fell 82 percent in the fourth quarter as it wrote down $1.7 billion in assets. It said it recorded a $296 million charge related to its headcount reduction.</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdPxrDok8g0t1CLcbtdihGYM5hwJoVILZ9AaZ2B1WL10Bg_rW3TLpsfhk1TsmTyS5gBzqgVLNlKXlBETItOMQrVoCa-AKd9YLLH_vXK990SpG-ILGUOvYOoImod4F4BaWFd253aB6/s1600/SCHLUMBERGER-A-306x163.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdPxrDok8g0t1CLcbtdihGYM5hwJoVILZ9AaZ2B1WL10Bg_rW3TLpsfhk1TsmTyS5gBzqgVLNlKXlBETItOMQrVoCa-AKd9YLLH_vXK990SpG-ILGUOvYOoImod4F4BaWFd253aB6/s1600/SCHLUMBERGER-A-306x163.jpg" height="213" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Robert Drummond, President of Schlumberger North America (left) and Jeremy Aumaugher, South Division Operations Manager (Tom Reel/ San Antonio Express-News)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“</span><span style="font-size: large;">It’s very unfortunate, but this is definitely not going to be the last headcount reduction in 2015 in the energy space,” said Rob Desai, an analyst with Edward Jones. “The goal is to position the company to come out of this downturn stronger.”</span></div>
<br /><span style="font-size: large;">The oil-tool maker banked $302 million, or 23 cents a share, in net income in the October-December period, compared to $1.66 billion, or $1.26 a share, in the same period in 2013. Its revenues were up from $11.9 billion to $12.6 billion.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The job reductions began in the fourth quarter and are expected to be completed later this year, Schlumberger spokesman Stephen Harris said in an email.</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTgn4Osdi4NcUBaZ_rwkEbFeSUtOwHRxeGOofhaLY2MWWaYJJRQQdIVqIQPNweCLusF0vCjggqbjioD1ZtZO4O-fvRTgIvbNJgLu4hHxwyKXbxqwFQ4B0RVCbNQReGgdOSxxU9Sse/s1600/shlumberger+cuts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTgn4Osdi4NcUBaZ_rwkEbFeSUtOwHRxeGOofhaLY2MWWaYJJRQQdIVqIQPNweCLusF0vCjggqbjioD1ZtZO4O-fvRTgIvbNJgLu4hHxwyKXbxqwFQ4B0RVCbNQReGgdOSxxU9Sse/s1600/shlumberger+cuts.jpg" height="263" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“These global reductions encompass many geographic regions in which we operate, including the Houston area,” Harris said. The company is “not releasing any details on exactly how many and where these reductions are coming from, however.”</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The company took an $800 million impairment charge when it retired some of the seismic vessels from its fleet. Schlumberger also took a $472 million devaluation charge on the devaluation of Venezuela’s currency against the U.S. dollar. And it saw $199 million impairment charge as the value of an investment in the Eagle Ford Shale sunk.</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Traders reversed a large portion of Wednesday’s rally in crude oil. Futures for international Brent crude fell $1.02 to $47.67 per barrel on London’s ICE Futures Europe market. U.S. benchmark West Texas Intermediate fell $2.23 to $46.25 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange.<br /><div style="text-align: center;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-70885285599301746112014-04-13T09:29:00.001-07:002014-04-13T09:33:09.638-07:00Types of Directional Drilling Profiles<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">There are four basic well profiles considered while planning a directional well. Here we are only going to have basic preview of these profiles and the design considerations will be covered in the coming posts.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>TYPE I WELLS</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Type I wells are made up of a kick off point, one buildup section and a tangent section up to the target. They are also called Build and Hold Trajectory or L Profile Wells (as it is L - shaped). These wells are drilled vertically from the surface to kick-off point at a relatively shallow depth. From the kick off point, the well is steadily and smoothly deflected until a maximum angle and the desired direction are achieved (BUILD). Then, if desired, casing is run and cemented. Further, the established angle and direction are maintained (HOLD) while drilling upto the target depth.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Usually this method is employed when drilling shallow wells with single producing zones.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk_mYSuLafr-zwNPeytjPEPeSNq480DiSNYqr7aZmHbxEHrmU2BAeGFm7aGFs2btQGAu_iwhvn661yS8ivh6rwnV4aKPlulB1M5aP0TrOTHckfg8TOGLosJLgt-c_OIGDBTMd3eLZy/s1600/directional+drilling+types+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk_mYSuLafr-zwNPeytjPEPeSNq480DiSNYqr7aZmHbxEHrmU2BAeGFm7aGFs2btQGAu_iwhvn661yS8ivh6rwnV4aKPlulB1M5aP0TrOTHckfg8TOGLosJLgt-c_OIGDBTMd3eLZy/s1600/directional+drilling+types+11.jpg" height="226" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">TYPE II WELLS</span></b><br /><span style="color: blue;">Type II wells are made up of a vertical section, a kick- off point, a build-up section, a tangent section, a drop-off section and a hold section upto target. They are also called S Profile Wells (as they are S - shaped). Like Type I Wells, the Type II wells are drilled vertically from the surface to the kick-off point at a relatively shallow depth. From the kick off point, the well is steadily and smoothly deflected until a maximum angle and the desired direction are achieved (BUILD). The angle and direction are maintained until a specified depth and horizontal departure has been reached (HOLD). Then, the angle is steadily and smoothly dropped (DROP) until the well is near vertical. Finally the angle and direction is maintained till we reach the target depth. </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">A disadvantage of the Type II is that it will generate more torque and drag for the same horizontal departure.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Usually this method is employed to hit multiple targets or to avoid faulted region or to minimize the inclination in the zone which will be fractured during completion or for sidetracking.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQy2IHrZdK9Yjjl0me6Nz0M5c5Fs_W7kubLc2bzjN9-h7JMJHk25e5PgnK2aNbFQPo0yeIG_1XzcbNv8E7lvF4KnYzORadwmPdCB9WcFRs9Ab-Qt42akrC8qb1CX8CQtY6anq6C_cM/s1600/directional+drilling+types+21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQy2IHrZdK9Yjjl0me6Nz0M5c5Fs_W7kubLc2bzjN9-h7JMJHk25e5PgnK2aNbFQPo0yeIG_1XzcbNv8E7lvF4KnYzORadwmPdCB9WcFRs9Ab-Qt42akrC8qb1CX8CQtY6anq6C_cM/s1600/directional+drilling+types+21.jpg" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>TYPE III WELLS</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Type III wells are made up of a vertical section, a deep kick off and a build up to target. They are also called Deep Kick off wells or J Profile wells (as they are J - shaped). They are similar to the Type I well except the kickoff point is at a deeper depth. The well is deflected at the kickoff point, and inclination is continually built through the target interval (BUILD). The inclinations are usually high and the horizontal departure low.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">This type of well is generally used for multiple sand zones, fault drilling, salt dome drilling, and stratigraphic tests. It is not used very often.</span><br /> <br /><div style="text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO5HBKAX_EFv98udqiIO4XdaFvTnb17T4p8eEvyIa0QWQ_gNGhRbHCfP-ILBFo1iNpRGpvM4mRYvPzcJRBeQ_K3IVuiYMzegfWebDktfG3_Tgx4dkZYYNjR3tLcWzYUHy9gxIUSEqe/s1600/directional+drilling+types+31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO5HBKAX_EFv98udqiIO4XdaFvTnb17T4p8eEvyIa0QWQ_gNGhRbHCfP-ILBFo1iNpRGpvM4mRYvPzcJRBeQ_K3IVuiYMzegfWebDktfG3_Tgx4dkZYYNjR3tLcWzYUHy9gxIUSEqe/s1600/directional+drilling+types+31.jpg" height="280" width="400" /></a></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>TYPE IV WELLS</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Type IV wells are made up of anyone of the above profiles plus a horizontal section within the reservoir. They are also called Horizontal wells or Horizontal Directional Wells. A horizontal well is a well which can have any one of the above profiles plus a horizontal section within the reservoir. </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">The horizontal section is usually drilled at 90 degrees and therefore the extra maths involved is quite simple as we only need the measured length of the horizontal section to calculate the total well departure and total measured depth. </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">The hole total TVD usually remains the same as the TVD of the well at the start of the horizontal section. However, if the horizontal section is not drilled at 90 degrees or there are dip variations within the reservoir, then the total hole TVD will be the sum of the TVD of the horizontal section and the TVD of the rest of the well.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Horizontal drilling is used to produce thin oil zones with water or gas coning problems, used to increase productivity from low permeability reservoirs by increasing the amount of formation exposed to the wellbore, used to maximize production from reservoirs which are not being efficiently drained by vertical wells and to connect the portions of the reservoir that are productive. </span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-87999059846627914372014-04-08T16:10:00.003-07:002014-04-08T16:10:59.625-07:00Wireline Log Quality Control Reference Manual by Schlumberger<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">This Log Quality Control Reference Manual (LQCRM) is the third edition of the log quality control specifications used by Schlumberger. It concisely provides information for the acquisition of high-quality data at the wellsite and its delivery within defined standards. The LQCRM also facilitates the validation of Schlumberger wireline logs at the wellsite or in the office.</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-42897217922461557782014-04-05T04:05:00.003-07:002014-04-05T04:05:38.664-07:00Oil and gas firms in UK expect jobs growth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>Companies in the UK oil and gas sector expect to create up to 39,000 jobs over the next two years.</b></span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">A survey of 100 companies, commissioned by the Bank of Scotland, found expectations of employment growth had increased since last year.<br />A clear majority (69%) of executives in the companies were optimistic about their growth prospects in 2014/2015.<br />A total of 38% of those responding said a shortage of skilled workers would be their greatest challenge.</span><br /><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">International expansion was cited as a priority by 64% of those taking part. Key areas for investment were Africa, North America and the Middle East.</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdfYc_Z6rbsYTsd_oVzHq1Tzt8dtknrcfzvAaNdK6HVtBjorHuSxdYMwOGkxyDeN8rSYYAdoNW0sD29P9FETR5MtJMkZXDSWzK9C4eQwOyeN2pQ8gsJ-UV3YMPFOtfofUP3aN8yTuN/s1600/bbc+oil+jobs+grows.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdfYc_Z6rbsYTsd_oVzHq1Tzt8dtknrcfzvAaNdK6HVtBjorHuSxdYMwOGkxyDeN8rSYYAdoNW0sD29P9FETR5MtJMkZXDSWzK9C4eQwOyeN2pQ8gsJ-UV3YMPFOtfofUP3aN8yTuN/s1600/bbc+oil+jobs+grows.jpg" height="271" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red;">Half of the companies said they were already planning to use their expertise by investing abroad</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>'Expand internationally'</b></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The survey found 46% of companies were already planning further growth in foreign markets over the next 24 months.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">The research was carried out by BDRC Continental and companies were chosen to reflect a range of size, location and service type.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">A similar study carried out last year indicated companies in the sector would recruit an additional 34,000 people over two years.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Bank of Scotland commercial area director Stuart White, said: "The findings of this report are excellent news for the economy, demonstrating the employment-generating nature of the oil and gas industry now and in the future.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">"With most of the UK's oil and gas firms clustered in Aberdeen and the north-east, Scotland should reap the largest share of these new jobs, however other parts of the UK will benefit from expansion plans.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">"The report also highlights the growing challenges posed by the lack of a skilled workforce."</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Mr White said new specialist apprenticeship schemes could help address the shortfall.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">"The results also demonstrate the global nature of the industry as more firms look to expand internationally and tap into the markets with the largest levels of recoverable reserves," he explained.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">"With 44% of income already generated internationally, this is not a new trend, and reflects the reach UK firms have as the industry benefits from the expertise gained in the challenging North Sea environment."</span></span><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span><span style="color: red;"><b>'Key strength'</b></span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">A Scottish government spokesman said: "This is an increase of 5,000 on the estimate made only last year.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">"It is also very encouraging to see a strengthening of the international expansion of these companies, and this is a trend which is expected to continue.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">"The skills and knowledge developed in Scotland as a result of the development of the North Sea are a key strength for Scotland.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">"We are committed to working with the oil and gas sector to maintain competitiveness, facilitate the transfer of skills and knowledge to other sectors and utilise Scottish-based skills in world markets."</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">The Labour MP for Aberdeen North, Frank Doran, said that, while the report was good news for the industry and Scotland, there were long-term issues facing the sector, including price volatility.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Speaking on BBC Radio's Good Morning Scotland programme, he questioned whether an independent Scottish government would have the expertise and resources to run the industry efficiently.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">He added: "I don't know where the Scottish government is going to get the talent, particularly given the wages and the salaries which are paid in the oil and gas industry, which are way beyond what the public sector is prepared to pay,</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">"That is one of the unanswered questions - where are the civil servants going to come from?"</span></span><div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Source : BBC News</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-9020618310119673032014-04-05T03:48:00.002-07:002014-04-05T03:48:25.328-07:00Petroleum Engineering Handbook Vol.1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The Petroleum Engineering Handbook has long been recognized as a valuable, comprehensive reference book that offers practical day-to-day applications for students and experienced engineering professionals alike. This new edition, the first since 1987, has been greatly expanded and consists of seven volumes.</span></b><div>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Drilling technology has evolved substantially over the years, from slide rules and hand calculations to advanced computer science and numerical analysis. This volume, the first drilling content to be included in the Petroleum Engineering Handbook, is intended to provide a snapshot of the drilling state of the art at the beginning of the 21st century.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Written by:</span> H. B. Bradley</b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Contents: </span></b><span style="color: blue;">Drilling geoscience • Drilling fluids • Drilling fluid mechanics • Well control • Bit selection • Directional drilling • Casing and wellhead design • Cementing • Drilling problems • Well planning • Underbalanced drilling • Emerging technologies • Marine drilling • Data acquisition and interpretation • Coiled tubing</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-68548990709715720522014-03-13T12:26:00.000-07:002014-03-13T12:26:28.859-07:00Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Edition 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">This new edition of the Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering provides you with the best, state-of-the-art coverage for every aspect of petroleum and natural gas engineering. With thousands of illustrations and 1,600 information-packed pages, this text is a handy and valuable reference.<br />Written by over a dozen leading industry experts and academics, the Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering provides the best, most comprehensive source of petroleum engineering information available. Now in an easy-to-use single volume format, this classic is one of the true "must haves" in any petroleum or natural gas engineer's library.<br />* A classic for the oil and gas industry for over 65 years!<br />* A comprehensive source for the newest developments, advances, and procedures in the petrochemical industry, covering everything from drilling and production to the economics of the oil patch.<br />* Everything you need - all the facts, data, equipment, performance, and principles of petroleum engineering, information not found anywhere else.<br />* A desktop reference for all kinds of calculations, tables, and equations that engineers need on the rig or in the office.<br />* A time and money saver on procedural and equipment alternatives, application techniques, and new approaches to problems.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">ًWritten by:</span> </b><b>William C. Lyons, Ph.D., P.E.</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Contents</span></b></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Preface. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING. Basic Principles, Definitions, and Data. Formation Evaluation. Pressure Transient Testing of Oil and Gas Wells. Mechanisms and Recovery of Hydrocarbons by Natural Means. Material Balance and Volumetric Analysis. Decline-Curve Analysis. Reserve Estimates. Secondary Recovery. Fluid Movement in Waterflooded Reservoirs. Estimating Waterflood Residual Oil Saturation. Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods. References. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING. Properties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures. Flow of Fluids. Natural Flow Performance. Artificial Lift Methods. Stimulation and Remedial Operations. Surface Oil Production Systems. Gas Production Engineering. Corrosion and Scaling. Environmental Considerations. Offshore Operations. References. PETROLEUM ECONOMICS. Estimating Oil and Gas Reserves. Classification of Petroleum Products. Methods for Estimating Reserves. Non-Associated Gas Reservoirs. Production Stimulation.Determining the Value of Future Production. The Market for Petroleum. Economics and the Petroleum Engineer. Preparation of a Cash Flow. Valuation of Oil and Gas Properties. Risk Analysis. References. Appendix: Units and Conversions (SI). Index. </span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-76289560927585621332014-03-08T02:55:00.002-08:002014-03-08T02:56:47.220-08:00Basic Well Log Analysis for Geologists<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: red;">Reader's Review</span><br /><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">This is a very fine introduction to petroleum well log analysis. It is written very clearly and designed from the ground up as a text, not just a list of examples.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Written by :</span> Asquith, George B.</b></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The principles are well stated and the logging curves that were available at publication date are all discussed in seperate chapters. Actual interpretation which involves suites of logs is presented clearly in later chapters, each technique having its own chapter. There follows a quarter of the book's volume on case studies which is good, but the previous three quarters are what sets this book above most other log analysis texts. Asquith also has a text devoted exclusively to shaley sand analysis where the reader may want to go for further treatment of this aspect of log analysis. I believe there is a more recent version of this book than the 1982 version I have and that version likely will have a few more recently applied types of logging curves incorporated into it. </span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-15595177671495486722014-03-05T15:22:00.001-08:002014-03-05T15:22:24.790-08:00Schlumberger: Largest oilfield services company<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>Schlumberger Limited is the world's largest oilfield services company Schlumberger employs approximately 123,000 people representing more than 140 nationalities working in more than 85 countries.Its</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b> principal offices are in Houston, Paris, and the Hague.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>History</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Schlumberger was founded in 1926 by French brothers Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger as the Société de prospection électrique (French: Electric Prospecting Company). The company recorded the first-ever electrical resistivity well log in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, France in 1927. Today Schlumberger supplies the petroleum industry with services such as seismic acquisition and processing, formation evaluation, well testing and directional drilling, well cementing and stimulation, artificial lift, well completions, flow assurance and consulting, and software and information management. The company is also involved in the groundwater extraction and carbon capture and storage industries.</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">Sclumberger Brothers</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The brothers had experience conducting geophysical surveys in countries such as Romania, Canada, Serbia, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United States. The new company sold electrical-measurement mapping services, and recorded the first-ever electrical resistivity well log in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, France in 1927. The company quickly expanded, logging its first well in the U.S. in 1929, in Kern County, California. In 1935, the Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation was founded in Houston, later evolving into Schlumberger Well Services, and finally Schlumberger Wireline & Testing. Schlumberger invested heavily in research, inaugurating the Schlumberger-Doll Research Center in Ridgefield, Connecticut in 1948, contributing to the development of a number of new logging tools. In 1956, Schlumberger Limited was incorporated as a holding company for all Schlumberger businesses, which by now included American testing and production company Johnston Testers.[citation needed]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Over the years, Schlumberger continued to expand its operations and acquisitions. In 1960, Dowell Schlumberger (50% Schlumberger, 50% Dow Chemical), which specialized in pumping services for the oil industry, was formed. In 1962, Schlumberger Limited became listed on the New York Stock Exchange. That same year, Schlumberger purchased Daystrom, an electronic instruments manufacturer in South Boston, Virginia which was making furniture by the time the division was sold to Sperry & Hutchinson in 1971. Schlumberger purchased 50% of Forex in 1964 and merged it with 50% of Languedocienne to create the Neptune Drilling Company. The first computerized reservoir analysis, SARABAND, was introduced in 1970. The remaining 50% of Forex was acquired the following year; Neptune was renamed Forex Neptune Drilling Company. In 1979, Fairchild Camera and Instrument (including Fairchild Semiconductor) became a subsidiary of Schlumberger Limited.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: red; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">the headquarter of </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Schlumberger, Houston</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Schlumberger established the first international data links with e-mail in 1981. In 1983, Schlumberger opened their Cambridge Research Center in Cambridge, England and in 2012 it was renamed the Schlumberger Gould Research Center after the company's former CEO Andrew Gould.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The SEDCO drilling rig company and half of Dowell of North America were acquired in 1984, resulting in the creation of the Anadrill drilling segment, a combination of Dowell and The Analysts' drilling segments. Forex Neptune was merged with SEDCO to create the Sedco Forex Drilling Company the following year, when Schlumberger purchased Merlin and 50% of GECO.[citation needed]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the 1970s, the company's top executives in North America were relocated to New York City.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1987, Schlumberger completed their purchases of Neptune (North America), Bosco and Cori (Italy), and Allmess (Germany). That same year, National Semiconductor acquired Fairchild Semiconductor from Schlumberger for $122 million.[12] In 1991, Schlumberger acquired PRAKLA-SEISMOS, and pioneered the use of geosteering to plan the drill path in horizontal wells.[citation needed]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Schlumberger acquired software company GeoQuest Systems in 1992. With the purchase came the conversion of SINet to TCP/IP and www capability. In the 1990s Schlumberger bought out the petroleum division, AEG meter, and ECLIPSE reservoir study team Intera Technologies Corp. A joint venture between Schlumberger and Cable & Wireless resulted with the creation of Omnes, which then handled all of Schlumberger's internal IT business. Oilphase and Camco International were also purchased.[citation needed]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1999, Schlumberger and Smith International created a joint venture, M-I L.L.C., the world's largest drilling fluids (or mud) company. The company consists of 60% Smith International, and 40% Schlumberger. Since the joint venture was prohibited by a 1994 antitrust consent decree barring Smith from selling or combining their fluids business with certain other companies, including Schlumberger, the U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C. found Smith International Inc. and Schlumberger Ltd. guilty of criminal contempt and fined each company $750,000 and placed each company on five years probation. Both companies also agreed to pay a total of $13.1 million, representing a full disgorgement of all of the joint venture's profits during the time the companies were in contempt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 2000, the Geco-Prakla division was merged with Western Geophysical to create the seismic contracting company WesternGeco, of which Schlumberger held a 70% stake, the remaining 30% belonging to competitor Baker Hughes. Sedco Forex was spun off, and merged with Transocean Drilling company in 2000.[citation needed]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 2001, Schlumberger acquired the IT consultancy company Sema plc for $5.2 billion. The company was an Athens 2004 Summer Olympics partner, but Schlumberger's venture into IT consultancy did not pay off, and divestiture of Sema to Atos Origin was completed that year for $1.5 billion. The Cards division was divested through an IPO to form Axalto, which later merged with Gemplus to form Gemalto, and the Messaging Solutions unit was spun off and merged with Taral Networks to form Airwide Solutions. In 2003, the Automated Test Equipment group, part of the 1979 Fairchild Semiconductor acquisition, was spun off to NPTest Holding, which later sold it to Credence.[citation needed]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 2004, Schlumberger Business Consulting was launched. Based in Paris, it is the company's management consultancy arm. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 2005, Schlumberger purchased Waterloo Hydrogeologic,[unreliable source?] which was followed by several other groundwater industry related companies, such as Westbay Instruments, and Van Essen Instruments. Also that year, Schlumberger relocated its U.S. corporate offices from New York to Houston.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 2006, Schlumberger purchased the remaining 30% of WesternGeco from Baker Hughes for US$2.4 billion.[citation needed] Also that year, the Schlumberger-Doll Research Center was relocated to a newly built research facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts to replace the Ridgefield, Connecticut research center. The facility joins the other research centers operated by the company in Cambridge, England; Moscow, Russia; Stavanger, Norway; and Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 2010, the acquisition of Smith International in an all stock deal valued at $11.3 billion was announced. The sale price is 45.84-a-share price was 37.5 percent higher than Smith closing price on 18 February 2010. The deal is the biggest acquisition in Schlumberger history.The merger was completed on August 27, 2010. Also announced in 2010 were Schlumberger plans to acquire Geoservices, a French-based company specializing in energy services, in a deal valued at $1.1 billion, including debt.</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-16051078518890535522014-01-13T03:53:00.002-08:002014-01-13T03:53:26.214-08:00Drilling Problems: Pipe Sticking<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">During drilling operations, a pipe is considered stuck if it cannot be freed and pulled out of the hole without damaging the pipe and without exceeding the drilling rig’s maximum allowed hook load. Differential pressure pipe sticking and mechanical pipe sticking are addressed in this section.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><br />Differential-Pressure Pipe Sticking</span></b><br /><span style="color: blue;">Differential-pressure pipe sticking occurs when a portion of the drillstring becomes embedded in a mudcake (an impermeable film of fine solids) that forms on the wall of a permeable formation during drilling. If the mud pressure, pm , which acts on the outside wall of the pipe, is greater than the formation-fluid pressure, pff , which generally is the case (with the exception of underbalanced drilling), then the pipe is said to be differentially stuck (see Fig. below). The differential pressure acting on the portion of the drillpipe that is embedded in the mudcake can be expressed as </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKHDPXNd9yBUlP83AfpAy32SBac7WJiJMUDC4fFEDAxPx939UWEpqPi2pdq3BJmWxHlKKigTJOnV5iPGWEmGay44FoSyBVGr5JQjkvj3J3IysTKsqFRehC8mx9AsSIkTjkg-1_p9TH/s1600/Pipe+sticking.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKHDPXNd9yBUlP83AfpAy32SBac7WJiJMUDC4fFEDAxPx939UWEpqPi2pdq3BJmWxHlKKigTJOnV5iPGWEmGay44FoSyBVGr5JQjkvj3J3IysTKsqFRehC8mx9AsSIkTjkg-1_p9TH/s400/Pipe+sticking.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://petrowiki.org/File%3AVol2_page_0434_eq_001.png" style="color: blue;"><img src="http://petrowiki.org/images/6/6b/Vol2_page_0434_eq_001.png" /></a><span style="color: blue;">....................(10.1)</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">The pull force, Fp, required to free the stuck pipe is a function of the differential pressure, Δp; the coefficient of friction, f; and the area of contact, Ac, between the pipe and mudcake surfaces. </span><br /><br /><a href="http://petrowiki.org/File%3AVol2_page_0434_eq_002.png" style="color: blue;"><img src="http://petrowiki.org/images/7/7e/Vol2_page_0434_eq_002.png" /></a><span style="color: blue;">....................(10.2) </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">From Bourgoyne</span><a href="http://petrowiki.org/PEH%3ADrilling_Problems_and_Solutions#cite_note-r1-0" style="color: blue;">[1]</a><span style="color: blue;">, </span><br /><br /><a href="http://petrowiki.org/File%3AVol2_page_0434_eq_003.png" style="color: blue;"><img src="http://petrowiki.org/images/7/77/Vol2_page_0434_eq_003.png" /></a><span style="color: blue;">....................(10.3) </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">where </span><br /><br /><a href="http://petrowiki.org/File%3AVol2_page_0434_eq_004.png" style="color: blue;"><img src="http://petrowiki.org/images/d/dd/Vol2_page_0434_eq_004.png" /></a><span style="color: blue;">....................(10.4) </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">In this formula, Lep is the length of the permeable zone, Dop is the outside diameter of the pipe, Dh is the diameter of the hole, and hmcis the mudcake thickness. The dimensionless coefficient of friction, f, can vary from less than 0.04 for oil-based mud to as much as 0.35 for weighted water-based mud with no added lubricants. </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Eqs. 10.2 and 10.3 show controllable parameters that will cause higher pipe-sticking force and the potential inability of freeing the stuck pipe. These parameters are unnecessarily high differential pressure, thick mudcake (high continuous fluid loss to formation), low-lubricity mudcake (high coefficient of friction), and excessive embedded pipe length in mudcake (delay of time in freeing operations). </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Although hole and pipe diameters and hole angle play a role in the pipe-sticking force, they are uncontrollable variables once they are selected to meet well design objectives. However, the shape of drill collars, such as square, or the use of drill collars with spiral grooves and external-upset tool joints can minimize the sticking force. </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Some of the indicators of differential-pressure-stuck pipe while drilling permeable zones or known depleted-pressure zones are an increase in torque and drag; an inability to reciprocate the drillstring and, in some cases, to rotate it; and uninterrupted drilling-fluid circulation. Differential-pressure pipe sticking can be prevented or its occurrence mitigated if some or all of the following precautions are taken: </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Maintain the lowest continuous fluid loss adhering to the project economic objectives.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Maintain the lowest level of drilled solids in the mud system, or, if economical, remove all drilled solids.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Use the lowest differential pressure with allowance for swab and surge pressures during tripping operations.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Select a mud system that will yield smooth mudcake (low coefficient of friction).</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Maintain drillstring rotation at all times, if possible.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Differential-pressure-pipe-sticking problems may not be totally prevented. If sticking does occur, common field practices for freeing the stuck pipe include mud-hydrostatic-pressure reduction in the annulus, oil spotting around the stuck portion of the drillstring, and washing over the stuck pipe. Some of the methods used to reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the annulus include reducing mud weight by dilution, reducing mud weight by gasifying with nitrogen, and placing a packer in the hole above the stuck point.</span><br /><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Mechanical Pipe Sticking</span></b><br /><span style="color: blue;">The causes of mechanical pipe sticking are inadequate removal of drilled cuttings from the annulus; borehole instabilities, such as hole caving, sloughing, or collapse; plastic shale or salt sections squeezing (creeping); and key seating. </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Drilled Cuttings. Excessive drilled-cuttings accumulation in the annular space caused by improper cleaning of the hole can cause mechanical pipe sticking, particularly in directional-well drilling. The settling of a large amount of suspended cuttings to the bottom when the pump is shut down or the downward sliding of a stationary-formed cuttings bed on the low side of a directional well can pack a bottomhole assembly (BHA), which causes pipe sticking. In directional-well drilling, a stationary cuttings bed may form on the low side of the borehole (see Fig. below). If this condition exists while tripping out, it is very likely that pipe sticking will occur. This is why it is a common field practice to circulate bottom up several times with the drill bit off bottom to flush out any cuttings bed that may be present before making a trip. Increases in torque/drag and sometimes in circulating drillpipe pressure are indications of large accumulations of cuttings in the annulus and of potential pipe-sticking problems. </span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Borehole Instability: </span></b><span style="color: blue;">This topic is addressed in Sec. 10.6; however, it is important to mention briefly the pipe-sticking issues associated with the borehole-instability problems. The most troublesome issue is that of drilling shale. Depending on mud composition and mud weight, shale can slough in or plastically flow inward, which causes mechanical pipe sticking. In all formation types, the use of a mud that is too low in weight can lead to the collapse of the hole, which can cause mechanical pipe sticking. Also, when drilling through salt that exhibits plastic behavior under overburden pressure, if mud weight is not high enough, the salt has the tendency of flowing inward, which causes mechanical pipe sticking. Indications of a potential pipe-sticking problem caused by borehole instability are a rise in circulating drillpipe pressure, an increase in torque, and, in some cases, no fluid return to surface. (Fig. below) illustrates pipe sticking caused by wellbore instability. </span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3fnqQD3iQa13bsQeuM-18YWVk2Yu3HtcNn506prOKdMNWjaXy4vh_qVE5WEs83D6bV18rxEmPKJrchQj7EB651dj-03XH-pafQhaVk9apRxB_BgeK9BHvAi_RJaXOnqVoTNjaOqkm/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3fnqQD3iQa13bsQeuM-18YWVk2Yu3HtcNn506prOKdMNWjaXy4vh_qVE5WEs83D6bV18rxEmPKJrchQj7EB651dj-03XH-pafQhaVk9apRxB_BgeK9BHvAi_RJaXOnqVoTNjaOqkm/s400/3.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Key Seating:</span></b><span style="color: blue;"> Key seating is a major cause of mechanical pipe sticking. The mechanics of key seating involve wearing a small hole (groove) into the side of a full-gauge hole. This groove is caused by the drillstring rotation with side force acting on it. (Fig. Below)illustrates pipe sticking caused by key seating. This condition is created either in doglegs or in undetected ledges near washouts. The lateral force that tends to push the pipe against the wall, which causes mechanical erosion and thus creates a key seat, is given by </span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENlUOxkVQ8SCVIpWgENim6-V18zHBiAV7GBImuWxyCvBB9gmE7KdVwnHO8wYZguU75a957pL_cw6lp7eqsYMSwg5Vamq9pXCM9ZcSkJtyBzdX5W9qDuje_inzm5OnyVnEamsLtFxR/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENlUOxkVQ8SCVIpWgENim6-V18zHBiAV7GBImuWxyCvBB9gmE7KdVwnHO8wYZguU75a957pL_cw6lp7eqsYMSwg5Vamq9pXCM9ZcSkJtyBzdX5W9qDuje_inzm5OnyVnEamsLtFxR/s320/4.png" width="286" /></a></div>
<a href="http://petrowiki.org/File%3AVol2_page_0436_eq_001.png" style="color: blue;"><img src="http://petrowiki.org/images/d/d1/Vol2_page_0436_eq_001.png" /></a><span style="color: blue;">....................(10.5) </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">where Fl is the lateral force, T is the tension in the drillstring just above the key-seat area, and ϴdl is the abrupt change in hole angle (commonly referred to as dogleg angle). </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Generally, long bit runs can cause key seats; therefore, it is common practice to make wiper trips. Also, the use of stiffer BHAs tends to minimize severe dogleg occurrences. During tripping out of hole, a key-seat pipe-sticking problem is indicated when several stands of pipe have been pulled out, and then, all of a sudden, the pipe is stuck. </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Freeing mechanically stuck pipe can be undertaken in a number of ways, depending on what caused the sticking. For example, if cuttings accumulation or hole sloughing is the suspected cause, then rotating and reciprocating the drillstring and increasing flow rate without exceeding the maximum allowed equivalent circulating density (ECD) is a possible remedy for freeing the pipe. If hole narrowing as a result of plastic shale is the cause, then an increase in mud weight may free the pipe. If hole narrowing as a result of salt is the cause, then circulating fresh water can free the pipe. If the pipe is stuck in a key-seat area, the most likely successful solution is backing off below the key seat and going back into the hole with an opener to drill out the key section. This will lead to a fishing operation to retrieve the fish. The decision on how long to continue attempting to free stuck pipe vs. back off, plug back, and then sidetrack is an economic issue that generally is addressed by the operating company.<br /><div style="text-align: center;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-53995239034483870532014-01-02T04:44:00.000-08:002014-01-02T04:44:29.688-08:00The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum FOURTH EDITION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum offers a 21st century perspective on the development of petroleum refining technologies.<br />The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum traces the science of petroleum from its subterranean formation to the physicochemical properties and the production of numerous products and petrochemical intermediates.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Written by:</span> James G. Speight</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">No. of Pages:</span> 217</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Presenting nearly 50 percent new material, The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum emphasizes novel refining approaches that optimize efficiency and throughput.</span></b><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-56960477171332940332014-01-02T04:28:00.001-08:002014-01-02T04:28:30.820-08:00Perforations Part 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b> Overview</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b> Perforating is a critical part of any well completion process. The perforating process generates holes -perforation tunnels- in steel casing surrounding cement and the formation.</b></span> <br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b> In the past, perforation was regarded simply as holes in steel casing made .By different methods. But perforation is not just a simple hole drilling process.Perforated completions play a crucial role in economic oil and gas production. Long term well productivity and efficient hydrocarbon recovery.</b></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">2.2. History of Perforation in Brief </span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">1.</span> <span style="color: blue;">Prior to the early 1930's, casing could be perforated in place by mechanical perforators. These tools consisted of either a single blade or wheel-type knife which could be opened at the desired <br /> level to cut vertical slots in the casing.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"> 2.</span> <span style="color: blue;">Bullet perforating equipment was developed in the early 1930's and has been in continuous and widespread use since that time.<br /> -The major drawbacks with this method were that the bullet remained in the perforation tunnel, penetration was not very good, and some casings could not be perforated effectively.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"> 3. </span><span style="color: blue;"> After World War II the Monroe, or shaped – charge, principle was adapted to oil well work, and the resulting practice is now commonly referred to as jet perforating.<br /> -The principle of the shaped charge was developed during World War II fo armor piercing shells used in bazookas to destroy tanks. This new technology allowed the oil producers to have some control over the perforating design (penetration and entry hole size) to optimize productivity.</span></span><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> 2.3. Gun systems<br />2.3.1. Overview</span></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In order to allow oil and gas to flow into the well, conduits need to be made into the formation. To do this, a gun is positioned across the producing formation and is detonated to create perforations through the casing and cement. <br />The guns used for this purpose are known as perforating guns.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>2.3.2. Perforating guns are divided into two primary categories:</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">- Capsule guns<br />- Carrier guns</span><br /><b><span style="color: red;">2.3.3. The perforating gun performance is affected by the</span></b><br /><span style="color: blue;">- Gun size<br />- Clearance<br />- Entrance hole diameter<br />- Shot density<br />- Gun phasing<br />- Perforating length<br />- Temperature rating</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">After firing the gun and while retrieving, unwanted solids enter into the wellbore or formation through perforating tunnels. These are called the perforating debris. Perforating debris can create problems in highly deviated or horizontal wellbores and can also create problems with the completion hardware.<br />Sources of debris are not only gun system, but also from the casing, cement and formation. </span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Gun hardware contributing to debris are:</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">- Gun body<br />- Shaped charge liner slug and jet<br />- Shaped charge cas<br />- Shaped charge retaining system (that holds the charge inside the gun).</span><br /><span style="color: red;">2.3.4.1. Shaped charge liner</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Perforating debris sources can be controlled if properly engineered.</span></span><div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Shape charge liner used in deep penetrating charges is made of powder metal, which eliminates the carrot and slug associated with liner penetration into the formation during charge detonation. Big hole charges us solid liners in order to produce large hole into the casing. However pf4621 power flow liners, produce big holes and yet leave no slugs into perforating tunnels, this new technology charge can replace the ultrapack charges. Attempts are made to contain the debris in the gun, <br />collect it after perforating or minimize the quantity expelled. <br />To address this problem of controlling the debris,</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b> two methods are used. These are:</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">- Zinc casing method<br />- Patented packing method </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Additional techniques that contribute to reduced perforating debris include powder metal liners and non-plastic charge retention systems. These recent innovations help in limiting problems arising from perforation debris.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>2.3.4.1.1. SHAPED CHARGE THEORY</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">The ultimate goal of perforating is to provide adequate productivity. Test laboratories evolved over the years to provide means of predicting and improving well performance. Today, the performance of the charges is determined according to the procedures outlined in the API RP 43 (standard procedure for evaluation of well perforators) fifth edition, published in 1991. From Figure B1 it can be seen that the penetrating power of a cylinder of explosive is greatly increased by a cavity at <br />the end opposite to the detonator. Furthermore, placing a thin metallic liner in the cavity increases penetration. A typical shaped charge consists of four main components: a case, a high order explosive powder, primer and a liner, as shown in Figure shown</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> The case simply holds all the components together.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">- The explosive (RDX, HMX and HNS) is a complex mixture designed to allow packing and shipping in the case.<br />- The primer is a purer mixture of explosive which is more sensitive to the detonation of the detonating cord.<br />- The liner is used to form a jet which physically does the perforating.<br />- The detonating cord, which is initiated by a blasting cap, detonates each charge.<br />The selection of explosive material is based on the well temperature and anticipated exposure time at that temperature (Figure B3). RDX, HMX and HNS are all explosives used in oil well shaped charge manufacture. For deep penetrating charges, the liner is made from a mixture of powdered metals pressed into the shape of a cone. High precision inthe pressing operation is required and it must be done in an extremely uniform and predictable manner. For Big Hole charges, the liner is<br /> drawn from a solid sheet of metal into hemispherical, parabolic, or more complex shapes. <br />For each of the two types of charges, there is a trade-off between entrance hole size and penetration. The sequence of events in firing is illustrated in Figure B4 from top to bottom. <br />The detonator initiates the cord which detonates at a rate of approximately 7000 m/s (23,000 ft/sec.) The pressure impulse from this detonation initiates the primer in the charge and the<br /> explosive begins to detonate along the length of the charge. <br />The high pressure wave 30x106 kPa, 4,500,000 psi) strikes the liner and propels it inward. The liner collapses from apex to skirt imparting momentum with a velocity approaching <br />2500 m/s (8000 ft/sec). At the point of impact on the axis the pressure increases to approximately 50x106 kPa (7,000,000 psi) and from this high pressure region, a small amount of material is <br />propelled out at velocities in excess of 7000 m/sec (23,000 ft/sec). As the liner collapses further down the cone, more and more material must be propelled by less and less explosive such that the <br />impact pressure is substantially less. Thus the tip of this so-called jet is travelling 20 times faster than the rear portion and gives the elongated shape to the jet. The penetration depth depends on this stretching action. As the liner walls collapse inward, the resultant collision along the axis divides the flow into two parts, as in Figure B5. The inner surface of the liner material forms <br />the penetrating jet which is squirted out along the charge. The outer surface of the liner, which was in contact with the explosive, forms a rear jet or slug which moves forward slower than the forward jet. In the zone of collision, where division of the material forming the jet and slug takes place, there is a neutral point which moves along the axis as the liner collapse process continues. The very fast jet impacting a casing generates a pressure of approximately 70x106 kPa (10,000,000 psi). At this pressure the steel casing flows plastically and the entrance hole is formed. A similar behavior occurs with formation material as the jet penetrates. In addition, crushing and compacting of the formation material around the perforation may also occur. The entire process from detonation to perforation completion takes from 100 to 300 microseconds. The jet material arriving last at the target, making the end of the perforation, comes from the skirt or base. As discrete portions of the jet strike at this end of the hole, they penetrate, expending their energy in the process. <br />Portions of the jet continue the penetration process, until the entire jet is expended.<br /> The perforation occurs so fast that, essentially, no heat is transferred. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that a stack of telephone directories can be penetrated without singeing a single page. It follows that no fusing of formation material occurs during penetration. However, crushing and <br />compacting of formation material is to be expected, and will be reviewed later.</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">2.3.4.1.2. SHAPED CHARGE DESIGN</b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Liner aspects, such as geometry, angle, material, and distance from base to apex, as well as stand off, and explosive density are more important than the amount of explosive (Figure B7a). Only about 20% of the available explosive energy goes into the useful jet. It has been proven that properly designed charges can out perform poorly designed charges that have twice the explosive load.</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgGPCCGaVRkYwDxabjM264056NHDJhqha3jbjEJ0tVDxdmI2wd6rfssETpwobxFMa6ZCVNtHVrimFoyguUUi62gHjlEhCBz5lavnA2bbbyVheuAP2JkOXHi-yFJlF9WXAWvcz8r-yk/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgGPCCGaVRkYwDxabjM264056NHDJhqha3jbjEJ0tVDxdmI2wd6rfssETpwobxFMa6ZCVNtHVrimFoyguUUi62gHjlEhCBz5lavnA2bbbyVheuAP2JkOXHi-yFJlF9WXAWvcz8r-yk/s400/7.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">This is important in situations where a higher explosive load causes casing damage. Once a charge is designed for entrance hole and penetration efficiency, manufacturing quality control and <br />consistency become significant in shaped charge performance. Perforation efficiency is accomplished with maximum penetration, uniform crushed zone, and minimal plugging due to slug debris. This is achieved by designing a liner that will provide a uniform jet diameter and velocity with little to no deviation from the conical liner axis. For example, it is critical that the liner thickness and density be precise around the cone at any given point away from the apex. Figure 7b is an example of a less desirable jet due to poor quality control.</span><div style="text-align: center;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-91249014838379549112013-12-26T05:00:00.000-08:002013-12-26T05:00:07.636-08:00Drilling and Completion of Horizontal Wells<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Horizontal drilling is the process of steering a drill bit to follow horizontal path </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">oriented approximately 90° from vertical through the reservoir rock. The interest in </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">drilling horizontal wells can be attributed to the following major reasons: </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Enhancement in primary production. </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Enhancement in secondary production. </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Enhancement in ultimate recovery of hydrocarbon in place. </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Application of horizontal drilling</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Contents</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-Introduction </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-History of horizontal well technology </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-The main sections of horizontal well </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-Horizontal well patterns </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-Application of horizontal drilling </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-Drilling techniques </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-Completion techniques </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-Advantages and disadvantages </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-Horizontal well costs </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">-Advances in horizontal well technology</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="font-size: 12px;"><b style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><b><b><b style="font-size: 12px;"><b style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: red;">Download </span>link<span style="color: red;"> is below post in </span>First<span style="color: red;"> comment</span></b></b></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-40236343535039693892013-12-17T07:06:00.001-08:002013-12-17T07:06:28.441-08:00Types Of Drilling Rigs: Land Rigs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>There are several types of drilling rigs, which lies under several categories for example:<br />-Land Rigs<br />-Marine Barg<br />-Marine Jack-up<br />*Here, there are some photos of Land Rig Types</b></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-64292478688810659432013-12-15T04:18:00.000-08:002013-12-15T04:18:14.988-08:00Rig components; part 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">-<b>Accumulator</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Annulus</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Blowout Preventer</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Brake</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Bulk Mud Components in Storage</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Casing Head</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Cathead</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Catline Boom and Hoist Line</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Catwalk</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Cellar</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Choke Manifold</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Conductor Pipe</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Crown Block and Water Table</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Desander</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Desilter</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Doghouse</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Drawworks</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Drill Bit</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Drill Collar</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Drill Pipe</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Driller's Console</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Drilling Line</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Electric Control House</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Electric Cable Tray</b></span><span style="color: blue;">-</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Elevators</b></span></span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b> Accumulator</b></span><br />The storage device for nitrogen pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is used in operating the blowout preventers. </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Annular Blowout Preventer</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> A large valve, usually installed above the ram preventers, that forms a seal in the annular space between the pipe and well bore. If no pipe is present, it forms a seal on the well bore itself. </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red; font-weight: normal;"><b>Annulus</b></span><br style="color: black; font-weight: normal;" /><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">The space around a pipe in a well bore, the outer wall of </span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">which may be the wall of either the bore hole or the </span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">casing; sometimes termed the annular space.</span></div>
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Blowout Preventer</b></span><br />A large valve, usually installed above the ram preventers, that forms a seal in the annular space between the pipe and well bore or, if no pipe is present, on the well bore itself. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="color: red;">Brake</span></b><br />The braking device on the drawworks to stop a load being <br />lifted. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Bulk Mud Components in Storage</b></span><br />Hopper type tanks for storage of drilling fluid components.<br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Casing Head</b></span><br />A heavy, flanged steel fitting connected to the first string of casing. It provides a housing for slips and packing assemblies, allows suspension of intermediate and production strings of casing, and supplies the means for the annulus to be sealed off. Also called a spool. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="color: red;">Cathead</span></b><br />A spool-shaped attachment on a winch around which rope for hoisting and pulling is wound. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="color: red;">Catline Boom and Hoist Line</span></b><br />A structural framework erected near the top of the derrick for lifting material. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Catwalk</b></span><br />The ramp at the side of the drilling rig where pipe is laid to be lifted to the derrick floor by the catline or by an air hoist. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Cellar</b></span><br />A pit in the ground to provide additional height between the rig floor and the well head to accommodate the installation of blowout-preventers, ratholes, mouseholes,and so forth. It also collects drainage water and other fluids for disposal. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Choke Manifold</b></span><br />The arrangement of piping and special valves, called chokes, through which drilling mud is circulated when the blowout preventers are closed to control the pressures encountered during a kick. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Conductor Pipe</b></span><br />The largest diameter casing and the topmost length of casing. It is relatively short and encases the topmost string of casing. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Crown Block and Water Table</b></span><br />An assembly of sheaves or pulleys mounted on beams at the top of the derrick. The drilling line is run over the sheaves down to the hoisting drum. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Degasser</b></span><br />The equipment used to remove unwanted gas from a liquid, especially from drilling fluid. <br /><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Desander</b></span><br />A centrifugal device for removing sand from drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of the pumps. It may be operated mechanically or by a fast-moving stream of fluid inside a special cone-shaped vessel, in which case it is sometimes called a hydrocyclone. <br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Desilter</b></span><br />A centrifugal device, similar to a desander, used to remove very fine particles, or silt, from drilling fluid. This keeps the amount of solids in the fluid to the lowest possible level.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b><span style="color: red;">Doghouse</span></b><br />A small enclosure on the rig floor used as an office for the driller or as a storehouse for small objects. Also, any small building used as an office or for storage. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b><span style="color: red;">Drawworks</span></b><br />The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a large winch that spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill stem and bit. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Drill Bit</b></span><br />The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells. Most bits used in rotary drilling are roller-cone bits. The bit consists of the cutting elements and the circulating element. The circulating element permits the passage of drilling fluid and uses the hydraulic force of the fluid stream to improve drilling rates. <br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Drill Collar</b></span><br />A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, used between the drill pipe and the bit in the drill stem. It is used to put weight on the bit so that the bit can drill. <br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Drill Pipe</b></span><br />The heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and circulate the drilling fluid. Joints of pipe 30 feet long are coupled together with tool joints. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Driller's Console</b></span><br />The control panel, located on the platform, where the driller controls drilling operations. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Drilling Line</b></span><br />A wire rope hoisting line, reeved on sheaves of the crown block and traveling block (in effect a block and tackle). Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe or casing from or into a well. Also, a wire rope used to support the drilling tools.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b> Electric Control House</b></span><br />On diesel electric rigs, powerful diesel engines drive large electric generators. The generators produce electricity that flows through cables to electric switches and control equipment enclosed in a control cabinet or panel. Electricity is fed to electric motors via the panel. <br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Electric Cable Tray</b></span><br />Supports the heavy electrical cables that feed the power from the control panel to the rig motors. <br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Elevators</b></span><br />A set of clamps that grips a stand, or column, of casing, tubing, drill pipe, or sucker rods, so the stand can be raised or lowered into the hole.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">To Be Continued in the second Part. Leave your Comments</span><br /><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Read More HERE</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-50449775791407795612013-12-11T02:33:00.002-08:002013-12-11T02:47:37.361-08:00'Door To Hell': Turkmenistan Crater Has Been On Fire For Over 40 Years<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>In 1971, the Soviets opened the Door to Hell, and 42 years later that door is still open. A natural gas field in Derweze, Turkmenistan, the Door to Hell is the site of a former Soviet oil operation that went wrong when a rig collapsed into a large crater. Soviet geologists decided the best thing to do was light the crater on fire to burn off its poisonous methane gas, but things didn't go as planned, and the fire still burns today.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">The "Door to Hell" in Turkmenistan has been burning since 1971. Soviet geologists lit it on fire and thought it would only burn for a few days. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Locals in Derweze, a village of about 350 souls, took to calling the site the Door to Hell, and its blaze can be seen from miles away. Located in Turkmenestan's Karakum Desert--a vast, sandy region with only one person per 2.5 square miles--the Door to Hell has become something of an unlikely tourist destination. One firsthand account of a visit to the Door to Hell comes from a 57-year-old Scotsman named Will Keeping.</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">"During daylight, I was initially not impressed as it looked like a hole in a vast desert," Keeping told The Daily Star. "As we got nearer and the glow from inside the carter became evident, though, and I started to notice the size of the crater and wondered how it could continually glow like that." Keeping added that as night came on, "the location slowly transformed from a large, isolated furnace in the middle of the desert into the center of attention that dominated the surrounding area--the glow became more intense and lit up the area including the sky above."</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Another visitor to the the 200-foot wide, 70-foot-deep crater was Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, the president of of Turkmenistan. In 2010, Berdimuhamedow swung by the Door to Hell and ordered that the fiery crater be closed, but this hasn't happened.</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">While the 42-year Door to Hell fire is impressive, it pales in comparison to an American fire that has been going for more than half a century. On May 17, 1962, the fire department of the coal-mining town of Centralia, Penn., tried to clean up the town landfill by setting its contents on fire. The blaze ignited a coal seam and spread throughout the town's mines, releasing poisonous gasses and creating dangerous sinkholes. The town was condemned, and 1,400 Centralia residents left; a handful who remained were recently granted permission by the courts to keep their homes until their deaths.</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-63071543789035706622013-12-10T02:56:00.002-08:002013-12-10T02:56:36.353-08:00Drilling and Completion of Multilateral Wells<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>MULTILATERAL</b></span> <br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>-Laterals are wellbores drilled from the main wellbore. <br />- Wellbores drilled from a horizontal lateral into the horizontal plane arebranches, those drilled from horizontal lateral into the vertical plane are splays.<br />-A multilateral well can follow different well trajectories: horizontal or deviated Junctions are the intersections of the laterals with the main wellbore or of the branches and splays with the lateral.</b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Multilateral Completion Systems</b></span> <br /><span style="color: blue;">-Sperry-Sun drilling Services Company has developed two distinct completion systems for multilateral well bores which have full-open through-bore and re-entry capabilities. These systems are:<br />-Lateral-Tie Back System, LTBS.<br />-Retrievable Multi-Lateral System, RMLS.<br />-British Petroleum Co. (BP), has another system that is called "SRS", Selective Re-entry System for existing casing.<br />-This system was developed by Weatherford Services Co.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>The Lateral-Tie Back System, LTBS</b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;">*This system consists of six main components</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">1.Pre-milled casing window joint.<br />2.drilling whipstock..<br />3.Lateral liner hanger. <br />4.Lateral liner running tool.<br />5.Cementing whipstock if drill with cemented Junctions.<br />6.Re-entry whipstock.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Retrievable Multi-Lateral System, RMLS </b></span><br /><span style="color: red;">*The RMLS consists of four components</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">1.Casing window system.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">2.Retrievable deflection tool (whipstock) incorporating.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">3.Lateral liner transition joint.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">4.Washover assembly.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Selective Re-entry System of Multilaterals</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Technologies were not developed that enabled drilling multilaterals into different producing reservoirs.<br />-SRS is the solution for increasing oil production and reserves from existing wells.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Technology Advancement Multilateral (TAML) </b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Classified multilateral wells into seven categories (six levels with one sublevel) and provided a common language for operators and service companies to use when discussing multilateral completions.<br />-The definitions of the TAML levels were based on the amount and type of support and functionality provided at the junction in the well where one lateral wellbore merges with the main bore or with another lateral.</span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Technology Advancement of Multilaterals (TAML) levels</b></span> <br /><span style="color: red;">*Level 1:</span><br /><span style="color: blue;"> is an open-hole lateral from an openhole mother bore.<br />-There is no mechanical or hydraulic junction involved.<br />-Carried out in consolidated formation as barefoot completions.<br />-widely applied in the United States, Canada, Europe, and the Middle East, with up to six lateral having been drilled from mother bore.</span></span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">*Level 2: </span><br /><span style="color: blue;"> main bore is cased in cemented and the lateral bore is open.<br />- The completion is economical, allows selective production, and can be carried out in standard casing sizes.<br />- United Arab Emirates wells have proven successful candidates for level 2.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">*Level 3:</span><br /><span style="color: blue;"> the main bore is cased and cemented, and the laterals are cased but not cemented.<br />-The lateral liner is mechanically anchored to the main bore using a liner hanger.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">*level 4: </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">both the main bore and laterals are cased and cemented to providemechanical junction integrity.<br />-can be simple, or they can be the basis for more complex systems such as dual packers completions, single string selective reentries and single strings with lateral entry nipples.</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;">*Level 5</span><br /><span style="color: blue;"> Sealed junctions multilaterals are necessary for reservoir management and to handle complex geology in well environments with multiple pressures, fluids, and the rock strata.<br />-In these cases, pressure integrity is necessary to prevent junction collapse, due to pressure drawdown.<br />-Full hydraulic and mechanical pressure integrity at junction are achieved with completion.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">*Level 6: </span><br /><span style="color: blue;"> one in which junction pressure integrity is achieved with the casing and not by cement, which is not acceptable.<br />-The entire junction is an integral part of the main bore casing string.<br />-The first and most widely used level 6 system is the formation junction system.<br />-The system is run in a perforated mode as part of a standard casing or liner string, then reformed down hole using swaging technology.<br />-Conventional drilling, completion, and cementing techniques are used to finish construction and completion of well bore</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-88002430265500100552013-12-08T07:10:00.001-08:002013-12-08T07:11:28.267-08:00Horizontal drilling methods: Reason & methods<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>The choice of drilling method depends upon:</b></span><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">-Cost,<br />-Well spacing and<br />-Mechanical conditions of a vertical well bore<br />-In addition, reservoir consideration.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: red;"><b> BUILD RATES</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Ultra-short Radius<br />-Short Radius<br />-Medium Radius<br />-Long Radius</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><b> ULTRA-SHORT RADIUS</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-45 to 90 degrees per foot<br />-Special equipment<br />-Horizontal lengths of 100’ to 200’<br />-Used in unconsolidated, heavy oil sands and soft formation.<br />-Impossible to log the open hole section.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-An ultra-short radius drain hole is drilled using endless 1¼ inch tubing.<br />-Uses a jet under high pressure to cut the formation and advance the endless tubing.<br />- twenty-four laterals can be drilled at the same horizon. </span><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>SHORT RADIUS</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-1.5 to 3 degrees per foot.<br />-Needs special equipment<br />-Mechanical and motor systems are available.<br />-Typically used in sidetracking existing wells to bypass water producing or troublesome.<br />-Bending stress and fatigue can be a problem<br />-200’ to 1000’ horizontal section<br />-The horizontal section can be cased with a slotted liner or left open hole. <br />-Open hole logging capabilities are limited for the horizontal section.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><b>MEDIUM RADIUS</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">- The first medium radius wells were drilled in 1985</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-6 to 35 degrees per 100’ build rates</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Uses conventional equipment</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Horizontal section lengths have been drilled over 7000’ but typically 2000’ to 4000’</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>LONG RADIUS</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-2 to 6 degrees per 100’ build rates</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Uses conventional equipment</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Horizontal section lengths have been drilled over 10,000’ but typically 3000’ to 5000’</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-No problem with bending stress, fatigue or completion equipment</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Build section is steerable, which means the motor can be rotated in the build section</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Offshore uses long radius almost exclusively since longer departures are required before the well gets to be horizontal</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">-Wells are more easily logged.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-76763194049810990982013-12-01T03:27:00.000-08:002013-12-01T03:27:13.886-08:00Pipeline Risk Management Manual: Ideas, Techniques, and Resources<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Here's the ideal tool if you're looking for a flexible, straightforward analysis system for your everyday design and operations decisions. This new third edition includes sections on stations, geographical information systems, "absolute" versus "relative" risks, and the latest regulatory developments. From design to day-to-day operations and maintenance, this unique volume covers every facet of pipeline risk management, arguably the most important, definitely the most hotly debated, aspect of pipelining today.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQmWBR4Szj_m5OROiHREK4kLo6-uykoJP4Od0dj5gjNcxhaF3Thpako81rln9SXVvZxHorh9nJZBPJ-iWwOeLunC5FATatPujqk5MVkWYfI5qXEq5lhrFIs3ysKEgdvgyokxpzsFV6/s1600/Pipeline+Risk+Management+Manual+Ideas,+Techniques,+and+Resources.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQmWBR4Szj_m5OROiHREK4kLo6-uykoJP4Od0dj5gjNcxhaF3Thpako81rln9SXVvZxHorh9nJZBPJ-iWwOeLunC5FATatPujqk5MVkWYfI5qXEq5lhrFIs3ysKEgdvgyokxpzsFV6/s320/Pipeline+Risk+Management+Manual+Ideas,+Techniques,+and+Resources.jpg" width="212" /></a></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: red;">Written by: </span>W. Kent Muhlbauer</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: red;">No. of pages: </span>422</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Now expanded and updated, this widely accepted standard reference guides you in managing the risks involved in pipeline operations. You'll also find ways to create a resource allocation model by linking risk with cost and customize the risk assessment technique to your specific requirements. The clear step-by-step instructions and more than 50 examples make it easy. This edition has been expanded to include offshore pipelines and distribution system pipelines as well as cross-country liquid and gas transmission pipelines.</span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The only comprehensive manual for pipeline risk managementUpdated material on stations, geographical information systems, "absolute" versus "relative" risks, and the latest regulatory developmentsSet the standards for global pipeline risk management</span></b><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-46790779157455917532013-11-28T14:56:00.000-08:002013-11-28T14:56:42.948-08:00Causes of Kick (Wellbore Influx)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="color: blue;">A “Kick” or “Wellbore Influx” is undesirable flow of formation fluid into the wellbore and it happens when formation pressure is more than hydrostatic pressure in wellbore.</b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj96thy5rWaEA7FvABI3HiCaTVPr8Qhhl-X-4lnHl_jnG9e7F3ZgC4RqpicONKUfGLJjwLbpu4hyphenhyphenUmFr8DHyi5CkQj5POBAczItcWzHzHNVWnGoneTy1kfku4bZPH1Z22ReyfzQlZVJ/s1600/Deephorizon+Blowout.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj96thy5rWaEA7FvABI3HiCaTVPr8Qhhl-X-4lnHl_jnG9e7F3ZgC4RqpicONKUfGLJjwLbpu4hyphenhyphenUmFr8DHyi5CkQj5POBAczItcWzHzHNVWnGoneTy1kfku4bZPH1Z22ReyfzQlZVJ/s400/Deephorizon+Blowout.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit on fire 2010 (Wiki)</div>
</span><br /><b><span style="color: red;">Several causes of Kick (Wellbore Influx) are listed below:</span></b><br /><span style="color: red;">1. Lack of knowledge and experience of personnel (Human error)– </span><span style="color: blue;">Lacking of well-trained personnel can cause well control incident because they don’t have any ideas what can cause well control problem. For example, personnel may accidentally pump lighter fluid into wellbore and if the fluid is light enough, reservoir pressure can overcome hydrostatic pressure.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">2. Light density fluid in wellbore -</span><span style="color: blue;"> It results in decreasing hydrostatic pressure. There are several reasons that can cause this issue such as</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">• Light pills, sweep, spacer in hole</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">• Accidental dilution of drilling fluid</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">• Gas cut mud</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">3. Abnormal pressure – </span><span style="color: blue;">If abnormally high pressure zones are over current mud weight in the well, eventually kick will occur.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">4. Unable to keep the hole full all the time while drilling and tripping. </span><span style="color: blue;">If hole is not full with drilling fluid, overall hydrostatic pressure will decrease.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">5. Severe lost circulation –</span><span style="color: blue;"> Due to lost circulation in formation, if the well could not be kept fully filled all the time, hydrostatic pressure will be decreased.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">Lost circulation usually caused when the hydrostatic pressure of drilling fluid exceeds formation pressure. There are several factors that can cause lost circulation such as</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">• Mud properties – mud weight is too heavy and too viscous.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">• High Equivalent Circulating Density</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">• High surge pressure due to tripping in hole so fast</span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">• Drilling into weak formation strength zone</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">6. Swabbing causes reducing wellbore hydrostatic pressure.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Swabbing is the condition that happens when anything in a hole such as drill string, logging tool, completion sting, etc is pulled and it brings out decreasing hydrostatic pressure. Anyway, swabbing can be recognized while pulling out of hole by closely monitoring hole fill in trip sheet.</span><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-46647302628249353612013-11-26T02:46:00.000-08:002013-11-26T02:47:15.913-08:00Schlumberger Open Recruitment 2014 : 2 positions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">85 SCHLUMBERGER RECRUITING SESSIONPosition available:</span></b><br /><span style="color: blue;">FIELD SPECIALIST for Fresh Graduates<br />FIELD SPECIALIST for Mid Career</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Requirements for Fresh Graduate Candidates:</span></b><br /><span style="color: blue;">• D3 and D-4 Polytechnic from all ENGINEERING Degree<br />• Dynamic men with maximum age of 26 years old<br />• Very good academic result, with minimum GPA 2.70<br />• Excellent command of English</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Requirements for Mid Career Candidates:</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">• Dynamic men with max 3 year working experience in Oil & Gas Services<br />• D3 and D-4 Polytechnic from all ENGINEERING Degree<br />• Excellent command of English</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Application Procedure:</b></span><br /><span style="color: blue;">• Interested candidates should send CVs to INGRecruiting@slb.com with email title format:<br />“Degree (D3/D4)_Years of Experience (0/1/2/3 years)_FS Application”<br />• Maximum CV size is 5 Mb.<br />• Registration will be closed on 04-Dec-2013</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Chosen candidates will be invited to selection test by email therefore candidates need to check their emails regularly after applying.</span></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-31197631485485840612013-11-16T00:02:00.000-08:002013-11-16T00:02:26.562-08:00Texas-Drilling Rig Hits Gas Pipeline Then Explodes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">November 14th, 2013 MILFORD, Texas -Hundreds of people in Ellis County were evacuated and others were asked to stay away from the area where a gas pipeline caught fire Thursday morning.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBflQyP4ROk6XbN-nykthHMpWMoJ_I1-UFiJ67YxjnOBbTuwqk2ntUYbgftgoUTGDin4Y_byctNe_haoY03P49KWy6MMRLew0y8AFCDxT1HtLKeaYDUa7oZGSzYbe2bNxbwDcfnec-/s1600/Texas-Drilling+Rig+explosion+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBflQyP4ROk6XbN-nykthHMpWMoJ_I1-UFiJ67YxjnOBbTuwqk2ntUYbgftgoUTGDin4Y_byctNe_haoY03P49KWy6MMRLew0y8AFCDxT1HtLKeaYDUa7oZGSzYbe2bNxbwDcfnec-/s400/Texas-Drilling+Rig+explosion+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">It happened at about 9:30 a.m. November 14th, 2013 near the intersection of Highway 77 and FM 308 in Milford.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Ellis County spokesman James Saulter said a Chevron crew had been conducting a type of drilling when the explosion happened.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Video from SKY4 showed heavy flames rising from what appeared to a rig in a rural field. It was surrounded by several charred work trucks. The large plum of black smoke was visible from Interstate 35E.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">No one was hurt and there were no reports of damage to any nearby homes or businesses, Saulter said.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">However, officials are still concerned about the fire spreading to other pipelines in the area.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">The whole city of Milford, which has a population of about 800, was evacuated. Students were moved to schools in the nearby town of Italy.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Traffic on FM 308 was rerouted between Highways 22 and 77. Motorists in the area were asked to use I-35E as an alternative to Hwy. 77.</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Chevron will let the pipeline burn itself out, which is expect to take about 24 hours, Saulter said.</span><br /><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> More Photos</span></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-65198038928304915052013-10-08T03:13:00.002-07:002013-10-08T03:13:19.624-07:00Offshore Pioneers - Brown & Root and history of offshore oil and gas <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>Brown & Root, a Houston-based engineering and construction firm, built the platform from which Kerr-McGee Oil Industries drilled the first producing well beyond the sight of land in the Gulf of Mexico. The well came in on November 14, 1947, a date that marks the birth of the modem offshore oil and gas industry. Before 1947, companies had extracted oil from underwater fields, but these deposits were located primarily in protected inland waters. Oil had been produced offshore in the Gulf of Mexico before 1947, but always in sight of land. Kerr- McGee's well, in eighteen feet of water, ten and a half miles from the Louisiana shore, went a step beyond those previous developments. The Kermac 16 stood in the open waters of the Gulf, exposed to the fury of waves and wind. The success of this platform in producing oil from beyond the horizon heralded a new era of technological innovation that subsequently spread to offshore provinces throughout the world.</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">No. of pages: </span>321</b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-45013116732364029622013-10-08T03:01:00.004-07:002014-01-25T01:21:24.883-08:00Drilling fluids processing handbook<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>Written by the Shale Shaker Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, originally of the American Association of Drilling Engineers, the authors of this book are some of the most well-respected names in the world for drilling. The first edition, Shale Shakers and Drilling Fluid Systems, was only on shale shakers, a very important piece of machinery on a drilling rig that removes drill cuttings. The original book has been much expanded to include many other aspects of drilling solids control, including chapters on drilling fluids, cut-point curves, mud cleaners, and many other pieces of equipment that were not covered in the original book.</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Written by:</span> </b><b>ASME Shale Shaker Committee</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">No. of pages:</span> 700</b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10782190022793131607noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612662701547735792.post-81838185644200555082013-09-29T14:47:00.000-07:002013-09-29T14:47:00.239-07:00Oil Well Stimulation By Schechter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>This book is intended as a text for both undergraduate and graduate course in petroleum engineering, with particular emphasis on the subject of well stimulation. There are ample materials and sufficient end-of-chapter homework problems of varying difficulty to satisfy the needs of both courses. Parts of the book have also served a basis for industrial short courses, and it is hoped that some of the material presented will also be of value to researchers engaged in developing new stimulation processes or products. However, the primary audience is thought to be university students interested in petroleum engineering.</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Written by:</span> </b><b>Robert S. Schechter</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">No. of pages:</span> 640</b></div>
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