Types of Directional Drilling Profiles

There are four basic well profiles considered while planning a directional well. Here we are only going to have basic preview of these profiles and the design considerations will be covered in the coming posts.

TYPE I WELLS
Type I wells are made up of a kick off point, one buildup section and a tangent section up to the target. They are also called Build and Hold Trajectory or L Profile Wells (as it is L - shaped). These wells are drilled vertically from the surface to kick-off point at a relatively shallow depth. From the kick off point, the well is steadily and smoothly deflected until a maximum angle and the desired direction are achieved (BUILD). Then, if desired, casing is run and cemented. Further, the established angle and direction are maintained (HOLD) while drilling upto the target depth.

Usually this method is employed when drilling shallow wells with single producing zones.

TYPE II WELLS
Type II wells are made up of a vertical section, a kick- off point, a build-up section, a tangent section, a drop-off section and a hold section upto target. They are also called S Profile Wells (as they are S - shaped). Like Type I Wells, the Type II wells are drilled vertically from the surface to the kick-off point at a relatively shallow depth. From the kick off point, the well is steadily and smoothly deflected until a maximum angle and the desired direction are achieved (BUILD). The angle and direction are maintained until a specified depth and horizontal departure has been reached (HOLD). Then, the angle is steadily and smoothly dropped (DROP) until the well is near vertical. Finally the angle and direction is maintained till we reach the target depth.
A disadvantage of the Type II is that it will generate more torque and drag for the same horizontal departure.
Usually this method is employed to hit multiple targets or to avoid faulted region or to minimize the inclination in the zone which will be fractured during completion or for sidetracking.

TYPE III WELLS
Type III wells are made up of a vertical section, a deep kick off and a build up to target. They are also called Deep Kick off wells or J Profile wells (as they are J - shaped). They are similar to the Type I well except the kickoff point is at a deeper depth. The well is deflected at the kickoff point, and inclination is continually built through the target interval (BUILD). The inclinations are usually high and the horizontal departure low.
This type of well is generally used for multiple sand zones, fault drilling, salt dome drilling, and stratigraphic tests. It is not used very often.

TYPE IV WELLS
Type IV wells are made up of anyone of the above profiles plus a horizontal section within the reservoir. They are also called Horizontal wells or Horizontal Directional Wells. A horizontal well is a well which can have any one of the above profiles plus a horizontal section within the reservoir.
The horizontal section is usually drilled at 90 degrees and therefore the extra maths involved is quite simple as we only need the measured length of the horizontal section to calculate the total well departure and total measured depth.
The hole total TVD usually remains the same as the TVD of the well at the start of the horizontal section. However, if the horizontal section is not drilled at 90 degrees or there are dip variations within the reservoir, then the total hole TVD will be the sum of the TVD of the horizontal section and the TVD of the rest of the well.
Horizontal drilling is used to produce thin oil zones with water or gas coning problems, used to increase productivity from low permeability reservoirs by increasing the amount of formation exposed to the wellbore, used to maximize production from reservoirs which are not being efficiently drained by vertical wells and to connect the portions of the reservoir that are productive.

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Wireline Log Quality Control Reference Manual by Schlumberger

This Log Quality Control Reference Manual (LQCRM) is the third edition of the log quality control specifications used by Schlumberger. It concisely provides information for the acquisition of high-quality data at the wellsite and its delivery within defined standards. The LQCRM also facilitates the validation of Schlumberger wireline logs at the wellsite or in the office.

Produced by: Schlumberger

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Oil and gas firms in UK expect jobs growth

Companies in the UK oil and gas sector expect to create up to 39,000 jobs over the next two years.

A survey of 100 companies, commissioned by the Bank of Scotland, found expectations of employment growth had increased since last year.
A clear majority (69%) of executives in the companies were optimistic about their growth prospects in 2014/2015.
A total of 38% of those responding said a shortage of skilled workers would be their greatest challenge.
International expansion was cited as a priority by 64% of those taking part. Key areas for investment were Africa, North America and the Middle East.

Half of the companies said they were already planning to use their expertise by investing abroad

'Expand internationally'

The survey found 46% of companies were already planning further growth in foreign markets over the next 24 months.

The research was carried out by BDRC Continental and companies were chosen to reflect a range of size, location and service type.

A similar study carried out last year indicated companies in the sector would recruit an additional 34,000 people over two years.

Bank of Scotland commercial area director Stuart White, said: "The findings of this report are excellent news for the economy, demonstrating the employment-generating nature of the oil and gas industry now and in the future.

"With most of the UK's oil and gas firms clustered in Aberdeen and the north-east, Scotland should reap the largest share of these new jobs, however other parts of the UK will benefit from expansion plans.

"The report also highlights the growing challenges posed by the lack of a skilled workforce."

Mr White said new specialist apprenticeship schemes could help address the shortfall.

"The results also demonstrate the global nature of the industry as more firms look to expand internationally and tap into the markets with the largest levels of recoverable reserves," he explained.

"With 44% of income already generated internationally, this is not a new trend, and reflects the reach UK firms have as the industry benefits from the expertise gained in the challenging North Sea environment."

'Key strength'

A Scottish government spokesman said: "This is an increase of 5,000 on the estimate made only last year.

"It is also very encouraging to see a strengthening of the international expansion of these companies, and this is a trend which is expected to continue.

"The skills and knowledge developed in Scotland as a result of the development of the North Sea are a key strength for Scotland.

"We are committed to working with the oil and gas sector to maintain competitiveness, facilitate the transfer of skills and knowledge to other sectors and utilise Scottish-based skills in world markets."

The Labour MP for Aberdeen North, Frank Doran, said that, while the report was good news for the industry and Scotland, there were long-term issues facing the sector, including price volatility.

Speaking on BBC Radio's Good Morning Scotland programme, he questioned whether an independent Scottish government would have the expertise and resources to run the industry efficiently.

He added: "I don't know where the Scottish government is going to get the talent, particularly given the wages and the salaries which are paid in the oil and gas industry, which are way beyond what the public sector is prepared to pay,

"That is one of the unanswered questions - where are the civil servants going to come from?"

Source : BBC News

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Petroleum Engineering Handbook Vol.1

The Petroleum Engineering Handbook has long been recognized as a valuable, comprehensive reference book that offers practical day-to-day applications for students and experienced engineering professionals alike. This new edition, the first since 1987, has been greatly expanded and consists of seven volumes.

Drilling technology has evolved substantially over the years, from slide rules and hand calculations to advanced computer science and numerical analysis. This volume, the first drilling content to be included in the Petroleum Engineering Handbook, is intended to provide a snapshot of the drilling state of the art at the beginning of the 21st century.

Written by: H. B. Bradley

Contents: Drilling geoscience • Drilling fluids • Drilling fluid mechanics • Well control • Bit selection • Directional drilling • Casing and wellhead design • Cementing • Drilling problems • Well planning • Underbalanced drilling • Emerging technologies • Marine drilling • Data acquisition and interpretation • Coiled tubing

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Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Edition 2

This new edition of the Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering provides you with the best, state-of-the-art coverage for every aspect of petroleum and natural gas engineering. With thousands of illustrations and 1,600 information-packed pages, this text is a handy and valuable reference.
Written by over a dozen leading industry experts and academics, the Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering provides the best, most comprehensive source of petroleum engineering information available. Now in an easy-to-use single volume format, this classic is one of the true "must haves" in any petroleum or natural gas engineer's library.
* A classic for the oil and gas industry for over 65 years!
* A comprehensive source for the newest developments, advances, and procedures in the petrochemical industry, covering everything from drilling and production to the economics of the oil patch.
* Everything you need - all the facts, data, equipment, performance, and principles of petroleum engineering, information not found anywhere else.
* A desktop reference for all kinds of calculations, tables, and equations that engineers need on the rig or in the office.
* A time and money saver on procedural and equipment alternatives, application techniques, and new approaches to problems.

ًWritten by: William C. Lyons, Ph.D., P.E.

Contents

Preface. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING. Basic Principles, Definitions, and Data. Formation Evaluation. Pressure Transient Testing of Oil and Gas Wells. Mechanisms and Recovery of Hydrocarbons by Natural Means. Material Balance and Volumetric Analysis. Decline-Curve Analysis. Reserve Estimates. Secondary Recovery. Fluid Movement in Waterflooded Reservoirs. Estimating Waterflood Residual Oil Saturation. Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods. References. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING. Properties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures. Flow of Fluids. Natural Flow Performance. Artificial Lift Methods. Stimulation and Remedial Operations. Surface Oil Production Systems. Gas Production Engineering. Corrosion and Scaling. Environmental Considerations. Offshore Operations. References. PETROLEUM ECONOMICS. Estimating Oil and Gas Reserves. Classification of Petroleum Products. Methods for Estimating Reserves. Non-Associated Gas Reservoirs. Production Stimulation.Determining the Value of Future Production. The Market for Petroleum. Economics and the Petroleum Engineer. Preparation of a Cash Flow. Valuation of Oil and Gas Properties. Risk Analysis. References. Appendix: Units and Conversions (SI). Index.

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Basic Well Log Analysis for Geologists

Reader's Review
This is a very fine introduction to petroleum well log analysis. It is written very clearly and designed from the ground up as a text, not just a list of examples.

Written by : Asquith, George B.

The principles are well stated and the logging curves that were available at publication date are all discussed in seperate chapters. Actual interpretation which involves suites of logs is presented clearly in later chapters, each technique having its own chapter. There follows a quarter of the book's volume on case studies which is good, but the previous three quarters are what sets this book above most other log analysis texts. Asquith also has a text devoted exclusively to shaley sand analysis where the reader may want to go for further treatment of this aspect of log analysis. I believe there is a more recent version of this book than the 1982 version I have and that version likely will have a few more recently applied types of logging curves incorporated into it.

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Schlumberger: Largest oilfield services company

Schlumberger Limited is the world's largest oilfield services company Schlumberger employs approximately 123,000 people representing more than 140 nationalities working in more than 85 countries.Its

 principal offices are in Houston, Paris, and the Hague.

History

Schlumberger was founded in 1926 by French brothers Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger as the Société de prospection électrique (French: Electric Prospecting Company). The company recorded the first-ever electrical resistivity well log in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, France in 1927. Today Schlumberger supplies the petroleum industry with services such as seismic acquisition and processing, formation evaluation, well testing and directional drilling, well cementing and stimulation, artificial lift, well completions, flow assurance and consulting, and software and information management. The company is also involved in the groundwater extraction and carbon capture and storage industries.

Sclumberger Brothers

The brothers had experience conducting geophysical surveys in countries such as Romania, Canada, Serbia, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United States. The new company sold electrical-measurement mapping services, and recorded the first-ever electrical resistivity well log in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, France in 1927. The company quickly expanded, logging its first well in the U.S. in 1929, in Kern County, California. In 1935, the Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation was founded in Houston, later evolving into Schlumberger Well Services, and finally Schlumberger Wireline & Testing. Schlumberger invested heavily in research, inaugurating the Schlumberger-Doll Research Center in Ridgefield, Connecticut in 1948, contributing to the development of a number of new logging tools. In 1956, Schlumberger Limited was incorporated as a holding company for all Schlumberger businesses, which by now included American testing and production company Johnston Testers.[citation needed]

Over the years, Schlumberger continued to expand its operations and acquisitions. In 1960, Dowell Schlumberger (50% Schlumberger, 50% Dow Chemical), which specialized in pumping services for the oil industry, was formed. In 1962, Schlumberger Limited became listed on the New York Stock Exchange. That same year, Schlumberger purchased Daystrom, an electronic instruments manufacturer in South Boston, Virginia which was making furniture by the time the division was sold to Sperry & Hutchinson in 1971. Schlumberger purchased 50% of Forex in 1964 and merged it with 50% of Languedocienne to create the Neptune Drilling Company. The first computerized reservoir analysis, SARABAND, was introduced in 1970. The remaining 50% of Forex was acquired the following year; Neptune was renamed Forex Neptune Drilling Company. In 1979, Fairchild Camera and Instrument (including Fairchild Semiconductor) became a subsidiary of Schlumberger Limited.

the headquarter of Schlumberger, Houston

Schlumberger established the first international data links with e-mail in 1981. In 1983, Schlumberger opened their Cambridge Research Center in Cambridge, England and in 2012 it was renamed the Schlumberger Gould Research Center after the company's former CEO Andrew Gould.

The SEDCO drilling rig company and half of Dowell of North America were acquired in 1984, resulting in the creation of the Anadrill drilling segment, a combination of Dowell and The Analysts' drilling segments. Forex Neptune was merged with SEDCO to create the Sedco Forex Drilling Company the following year, when Schlumberger purchased Merlin and 50% of GECO.[citation needed]

In the 1970s, the company's top executives in North America were relocated to New York City.

In 1987, Schlumberger completed their purchases of Neptune (North America), Bosco and Cori (Italy), and Allmess (Germany). That same year, National Semiconductor acquired Fairchild Semiconductor from Schlumberger for $122 million.[12] In 1991, Schlumberger acquired PRAKLA-SEISMOS, and pioneered the use of geosteering to plan the drill path in horizontal wells.[citation needed]

Schlumberger acquired software company GeoQuest Systems in 1992. With the purchase came the conversion of SINet to TCP/IP and www capability. In the 1990s Schlumberger bought out the petroleum division, AEG meter, and ECLIPSE reservoir study team Intera Technologies Corp. A joint venture between Schlumberger and Cable & Wireless resulted with the creation of Omnes, which then handled all of Schlumberger's internal IT business. Oilphase and Camco International were also purchased.[citation needed]

In 1999, Schlumberger and Smith International created a joint venture, M-I L.L.C., the world's largest drilling fluids (or mud) company. The company consists of 60% Smith International, and 40% Schlumberger. Since the joint venture was prohibited by a 1994 antitrust consent decree barring Smith from selling or combining their fluids business with certain other companies, including Schlumberger, the U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C. found Smith International Inc. and Schlumberger Ltd. guilty of criminal contempt and fined each company $750,000 and placed each company on five years probation. Both companies also agreed to pay a total of $13.1 million, representing a full disgorgement of all of the joint venture's profits during the time the companies were in contempt.

In 2000, the Geco-Prakla division was merged with Western Geophysical to create the seismic contracting company WesternGeco, of which Schlumberger held a 70% stake, the remaining 30% belonging to competitor Baker Hughes. Sedco Forex was spun off, and merged with Transocean Drilling company in 2000.[citation needed]

In 2001, Schlumberger acquired the IT consultancy company Sema plc for $5.2 billion. The company was an Athens 2004 Summer Olympics partner, but Schlumberger's venture into IT consultancy did not pay off, and divestiture of Sema to Atos Origin was completed that year for $1.5 billion. The Cards division was divested through an IPO to form Axalto, which later merged with Gemplus to form Gemalto, and the Messaging Solutions unit was spun off and merged with Taral Networks to form Airwide Solutions. In 2003, the Automated Test Equipment group, part of the 1979 Fairchild Semiconductor acquisition, was spun off to NPTest Holding, which later sold it to Credence.[citation needed]

In 2004, Schlumberger Business Consulting was launched. Based in Paris, it is the company's management consultancy arm. 

In 2005, Schlumberger purchased Waterloo Hydrogeologic,[unreliable source?] which was followed by several other groundwater industry related companies, such as Westbay Instruments, and Van Essen Instruments. Also that year, Schlumberger relocated its U.S. corporate offices from New York to Houston.

In 2006, Schlumberger purchased the remaining 30% of WesternGeco from Baker Hughes for US$2.4 billion.[citation needed] Also that year, the Schlumberger-Doll Research Center was relocated to a newly built research facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts to replace the Ridgefield, Connecticut research center. The facility joins the other research centers operated by the company in Cambridge, England; Moscow, Russia; Stavanger, Norway; and Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

In 2010, the acquisition of Smith International in an all stock deal valued at $11.3 billion was announced. The sale price is 45.84-a-share price was 37.5 percent higher than Smith closing price on 18 February 2010. The deal is the biggest acquisition in Schlumberger history.The merger was completed on August 27, 2010. Also announced in 2010 were Schlumberger plans to acquire Geoservices, a French-based company specializing in energy services, in a deal valued at $1.1 billion, including debt.

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